Category: language

Insults or swear words – these are often the first words you learn in a language. I grew up not far from the German-Polish border. The first words I learned in Polish were “Kurwa” and “spir dalay”. With a Turkish friend, I pondered which groups are subsumed under “Kanaks”. Only Turks, or also Arabs or Persians?

Here I would like to write down a few common swear words and insults. I hardly use any of them myself. But I know them and write the words down without glossing over them.

Imagine: A French woman, a Danish woman, an Arab and a German sitting together and exchanging about insults in their countries. That’s how I went through a draft for this lexicon. Adult people have no problem talking about it. So please don’t get scared.

The words are always contextual. There are some that are neutral according to the dictionary. Depending on the situation, however, they have a pejorative meaning.

This list is purely scientific and only represents reality.
It is subjectively commented and evaluated by me.

Insults from people related to:

Insults can be divided into categories. By the way: I always use the masculine form. There is often only one masculine form of the word.

cognitive abilities

This article is not translated further

social group

sonstige Eigenschaften

Vergleiche mit Tieren

Sau-…, aber auch Schweine-… sind Verstärker, also positiv oder negativ (saugeil, saugut, schweinekalt, saukalt)

Sexualität

Schmutz / Fäkalien

Herkunft / Ethnie / Rasse

Behinderungen und Aussehen

Ursprünglich religiöse Wörter und Sonstiges

Es gibt noch so viele mehr, aber für die einen bin ich zu alt, andere sind regional und andere habe ich noch nie gehört.

Beleidigende Ausdrücke

Die Beleidigungen, die ich hier aufgezählt habe werden genutzt, indem man sagt dass jemand … ist. Genauso wie für Menschen gilt das auch für Tiere und Dinge.

Z.B. “Du bist ein Arschloch!”

Daneben gibt es noch “beleidigende Ausdrücke”

• “Fick dich!” (Kurzform von “Fick dich selbst!”) -> Wie das englische “Fuck you!” (auch die Englische Version wird in Deutschland genutzt, gefühlt noch häufiger)
• “Ich ficke Dich!”, “Ich ficke… deine Mutter/Freunde/etc.!”, so wie “Ich mache dich fertig!”-> im Sinne von jemanden etwas Schlechtes antun (z.B. schlagen)
  -> hier gibt es aber unzählige Ausdrücke, die das gleiche meinen, die aber mehr oder weniger vulgär sind
• “Verpiss Dich!” -> vulgär für “Geh weg!” oder “Verschwinde!”. Wenn man über andere redet (“Er hat sich verpisst”) dann bedeutet dass, dass die Person sich still/heimlich/aus Angst entfernt hat. (Dieser Ausdruck kommt aus der Militärsprache -> dazu mehr in einem anderen Beitrag), Englisch “piss off!”

Straftatbestände, Urteile und Strafen

Beleidigung (von Einzelpersonen)
(Paragraf 185 des Strafgesetzbuches)
In diesem Paragrafen steht nicht viel, auch wird dort nicht definiert was eine Beleidigung ist. Man kann es erkennen wenn man sich Gerichtsurteile ansieht. Ob etwas eine Beleidigung ist (oder nicht) wird also vor Gericht, von Richtern festgestellt. Wer sich beleidigt fühlt muss also erst einmal eine Anzeige erstatten.
Der Paragraf 185 StGb besagt, dass eine festgestellte Beleidigung mit Gefängnis bis maximal einem Jahr oder mit einer Geldstrafe bestraft werden muss. Wenn bei einer Beleidigung auch eine körperliche Handlung (Ohrfeige, Anspucken etc.) dazukommt wird das Strafmaß höher. Dann sind es maximal 2 Jahre Gefängnis. (Eine Strafe wegen Beleidigung läuft aber immer auf eine Geldstrafe hinaus, ich habe noch nie von einer Gefängnisstrafe wegen Beleidigung gehört)

Volksverhetzung (Beleidigung von “Minderheiten”)
(Paragraf 130 des Strafgesetzbuches)
Gegen Beleidigung von Personen und ganze Bevölkerungsgruppen (Herkunft, Rasse, Ethnie, Religion). Zum Beispiel wenn jemand alle Schwarzafrikaner beleidigt.
Der Artikel bezieht sich aber ausdrücklich auf Minderheiten-Gruppen. Deutsche fallen nicht darunter, so dass der Paragraf auch kritisiert wird. Es gibt zum Beispiel ein Gerichtsurteil in dem gesagt wird, dass eine Beleidigung von Deutschen nicht unter diesen Artikel fallen kann. Im “Köterrasse”-Fall hat ein Türkeistämmiger in einem Twitter-Post alle Deutschen als “Hundeclan”/”Köterrasse” (anders gesprochen Rasse von dreckigen Hunden) bezeichnet. Dies wurde in Hamburg nicht als “Volksverhetzung” gewertet. Würde aber ein Deutscher türkischstämmige Bürger so beleidigen, also im umgekehrten Fall wäre es eine Straftat.

Zusätzlich werden damit positiver oder relativierende Äußerungen zu bestimmten Verbrechen im Nationalsozialismus (1933-1945) abgedeckt. So auch, wenn man den Holocaust leugnet – d.h. zu behaupten dass er nicht stattgefunden hat. Viele Straftaten bezüglich dieses Paragrafen beziehen sich auf dieses Themenfeld.

Ausdruck von Ärger

“Scheiße!”, “Verdammt!”, “Mist!”, “So ein Scheiß…” sind Ausdruck von Ärger. Sie sind keine Beleidigungen gegen Personen, sondern so etwas wie “Beleidigungen von Situationen oder Dingen”.

“Verflixt!” oder “Kruzifix!” sind Beispiele für Ausdrücke, die heute veraltet sind. Sie werden meistens nur noch ironisch benutzt.

Diese Ausdrücke führen uns aber schon in ein anderes Thema. Das allgemeine Thema der “vulgären Sprache”. Dies werde ich aber in einem anderen Beitrag behandeln.

Here I will write about surnames in Germany. That this can be interesting, I have noticed several times. For example, when a friend from Ethiopia told me that he always wonders what qualities the ancestors of a person named “Stein” (stone) must have had. Or when I talked to a Portuguese about the regulations in Germany, which differ from Portugal or Spain, where you have 2 surnames. Or when I learned from a Syrian that in Arab countries it is common for a woman to keep her name while marrying, but the children are given the surname of the father. Or with a Korean about the prefix of the surname, which also exists in Germany in a region of dialect. Because I realized that there are very different concepts in the world, I would like to give an overview here.

General

In general, a distinction is made between first and last names.

Robert Behrendt -> Robert is the first name, Behrendt the last name (or surname or family name)

The last name is inherited from the parents. The first name is chosen by the legal guardian. There are precise laws for both in Germany.

They are also very committed. To change names is quite difficult in Germany. It has to be applied for at the state administration and is only approved in exceptional cases. For example, surnames, if they sound very offensive or ridiculous (for example, “Fick” -> that has nowadays the meaning of “fuck”), or if they are extremely long and difficult to pronounce and write. Sometimes if they can be confused very easily. So, you have to have a good reason to be allowed to change your official name.

Origin of family names in Germany

The surnames are mostly from the Middle Ages. Until about 500 to 800 years ago there were practically only the first names. The persons were mostly named with their occupation (“Bauer” -> farmer, “Fischer” -> fisherman, “Müller” -> miller), a personal property (“Klein” -> small, “Gross” -> large, “Schön” -> beautiful, “Alt” -> old, “Braun” -> brown-haired), or their place of residence (“Bach” -> at the brook, “Berg” -> at the mountain). From the Middle Ages, these surnames were slowly written down, so noted in documents and inherited to the children. For a long time there are many Slavic names, from people that have ancestors from East-Central and Eastern Europe. These are names like “Nowak” or “Kowalski”, which are especially recognizable because they are very complicated to write. In the last hundred years, of course, names from Europe and its neighborhood, ie Italian, Turkish, French, Greek names have been added. In the future, the share of Arab, Persian and African consignations will probably gain in importance.

occupation of an ancestor

With the establishment of the surname, typical professions from earlier times were preserved. Since industrialization, however, there are no longer many professions. For example “Böttcher” or “Köhler”. Others are still known – although there aren’t many left (e.g. “Schmidt” -> smith). Still others are timeless (e.g. “Koch” -> cook).

personal look of an ancestor

To describe people, you also describe their bodies. Even if the descendants of these people look very different, these names are very common.

place of residence of an ancestor

Names that indicate the place where people lived. This was mainly done because the profession of farmer was so common. That is why one has simply given the place of residence for better differentiation of the people. Anyone who lived by a stream (“Bach”) was called “Bachmann”.

first name of an ancestor

Some first names have also become surnames. Thus the person was named as the son of “…”.

“Behrendt” is e.g. a derivation of the first name “Bernard”. Bernard is actually a first name. (The meaning of the first name is: “Hard / strong as a bear”.)

origin of an ancestor

Slavic names

Due to the close connection in the East Central European area (especially today’s Poland) there have been many Slavic names for centuries. Approx. 8-9% of the family names in Germany have a Slavic origin. They typically end on -ak, -ow or -ski.

Examples: Nowak, Noack, Pietsch, Koslowski, Kowalski, Lewandowski

Huguenot names (French)

Huguenots were French Protestants who were expelled from France by the Catholics. That was about 300 years ago. You have found a new home in many Protestant areas of Europe, including the Protestant countries of Germany.

Examples: Dumont, Boué, Godeffroy, de Maizière, Sarrazin

Immigration of the past 70 years

Many Turkish names come from immigration in the 20th century. “Yilmaz”, “Öztürk” or “Erdogan”, for example, also appear relatively often in Germany. With around 3 million Turks and Germans of Turkish origin, one can assume around 3 – 3.5% Turkish or Kurdish surnames. There are also notable numbers of Italian, Greek, Spanish and English-American family names.

Special case: noble names

For a long time, the nobility were the secular social leaders in Germany. There were titles of nobility that arose from certain functions, such as “Graf”, “Freiherr” or “Ritter”. The titles were later inherited. The place of origin of the family is usually indicated with the “von” (from) or “zu” (to the).
Since the end of the monarchy in Germany in 1919, members of the nobility no longer have any privileges. The nobility titles and names, which previously indicated rank and position, simply became permanent surnames.

Paul “von Hindenburg”
Otto “von Bismarck”
Ursula “von der Leyen“

That someone has a noble name today only shows something from the history of the family. Legally, someone with a noble name is a perfectly normal citizen.

Memorial for Valentin Becker. The reader now knows whats the origin of “Becker”

Rules for family names when getting married

In the case of marriage, the classic case is that the woman takes the man’s last name. This is also the centuries-old tradition that was required by law until the 1960s / 1970s. Today you can choose whether one partner takes the name of the other or whether both keep their own surname. One of the two partners can also have a double name. After a divorce you usually have the right to use your old name again. Own creations, i.e. mixtures of names, are not allowed. For foreigners who live in Germany, the naming rights of their home country can also be used when they marry.

For example, if Martin Müller and Anne Schmidt get married, they have the following options under German law:

Incidentally, triple names are not possible! The Federal Constitutional Court decided on May 5, 2009. So you cannot “collect names” through several marriages and be called e.g. “Schmidt-Müller-Stein”.

Example of a well-known person
Angela Kasner was born in 1954. In 1974 she married Ulrich Merkel. She changed her name to Angela Merkel. They divorced in 1981, but Angela Merkel kept the assumed married name. In 1998 she married Joachim Sauer. But they both kept their respective names and are now the couple Angela Merkel and Joachim Sauer.

Passing on family names to children

If the parents are married: A family name can be determined in a marriage. The children also receive this. If there is no pre-determined family name, one of the parents’ names is chosen.

If the parents are not married: For children who are not born in a marriage, the children are usually given the mother’s name. However, the child can also take on the father’s name if both parents have custody.

A double name cannot be passed on to the children. That was only possible from 1991 to 1993. Lena Meyer-Landrut, who won the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 for Germany, is one of these exceptions, she was born in 1991 and has the double name of her father.

Anne and Martin have a daughter, Leonie. Depending on the name of the parents, there are the following options for Leonie’s last name:

Mr. Schmidt did not choose the profession of his medieval ancestor. He didn’t became a smith, but a butcher.